Aperture

 

Aperture is the opening of a lens also known as F-Stop it is a very important part of the exposure triangle (ISO, Aperture, Shutter Speed). My lens the Sony FE 35mm f/1.4 has a range f/1.4 to f/16 which is amazing for low light scenes and capturing fast motion. Typically lenses are designed at f/2.8 or higher for more budget friendly prices. This is the exposure triangle it consists of the tree variables that adjust how a camera captures light: aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. Together, these three elements properly expose a shot. The three variables of the exposure triangle are all dependent on each other.

When the F-stop is wide open at f/1.4 the background is entirely out of focus while the subject is tack sharp. These wide open F-stop's are typically reserved for very low light situations when you really need to capture as much of the light you can without cranking the ISO function which produces more image noise. I will cover the ISO topic at a later date.

When the F-stop is narrow it reduces the amount of light entering the lens to the sensor. This also bring the rest of the background into focus.

One interesting effect that happens when the f-stop becomes smaller is lights begin to "burst" which can greatly improve an images quality if your shooting professional.

Typically on most dedicated camera systems you can set the mode to aperture priority where you manually set the aperture and the camera compensates the ISO/Shutter speed to acquire a quality image. A-mode is essentially set-it-and-forget it mode which most photos will be shot in. Other modes I have not covered are M-mode for manual settings where you have complete control of all three settings for a more personal touch because the software is only guessing at what your doing depending on what's in focus. S-mode is for changing shutter speed to capture high speed action.

5.5.8 Cell Formatting Tips

     When using Excel text colors should really be limited to two colors black text is always in style. Using the banding function of alternating colors increases readability. The best way to display titles is by using the merge and center command located in the Excel ribbon. Using the wrap text function allows for a lengthy amount of text to be formatted to the cell to increase readability. 

As for dates Excel recognizes them in different styles and has many formats for display. 

When displaying numbers excel can format the numbers to have the dollar sign $ up to including decimal points for displaying cents. Excel has several formats for numbers ranging from general, number, currency, accounting, date, time, percentage, fractions, scientific, text, special, even custom if you feel that the aforementioned list does not suit your needs.

Speed

 Speed is defined as. The rate of change of position of an object in any direction.

Shutter speed is defined as the speed the mechanical shutter on a digital single reflex lens / mirrorless camera as it closes this can be from 30 seconds to 1/8000th of a second. This speed needs to be adjusted depending on what object you are intending to capture in your photo.

In this shot I focused on the busker and set the shutter speed to a full fraction (1/8,1/6,1/4,/1/3) of a second. Notice how he is mostly in focus, the background is clear, and the people in the background are blurry.

When slowing the shutter speed to 10 second exposure while focused on water it becomes misty almost foggy

Here using a shutter speed of 1/40 I captured the Metro cruiser running code 3 (lights+sirens) on Las Vegas Blvd. Notice they are in focus but the background is blurry because I was panning the camera during this shot.

Here is another long exposure over 5 seconds

A 30 second exposure from east of Hollywood on the east side of Las Vegas. That light trail is not a meteor but a helicopter. This gives me an idea for long exposure shots with flying objects.

4.13.1 Macros

Macros are a computer rule or pattern that the user "records" short sequences of keystrokes and mouse actions to transform a normally boring repetitive task into a one button solution. Remapping a button on a keyboard is also considered a macro for example a keyboard that has had liquid spilled on it so a few keys no longer work. Using a macro a user can also remap a key to another key.

Computer users who have to do repetitive tasks such as data entry, resizing images, or spamming the same skill in a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) have come to use the macro function to make their task easier. When I was playing the MMORPG Ragnarok Online in 2004 a tool named AutoHotKey was given to me by a guildmate to help spam damaging spells at blistering speeds as some spells stack on top of each other. This simple tool can also be configured to use a healing potion if your health points (HP) dropped below a certain hex color value. Which gives an unfair advantage against the unaware.

Currently due to the game breaking nature of automated hotkeys many online games have banned the use of third party software in their terms of service (TOS).